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The resulting zwitterionic layers are about 50-100 nm thick and cause exceedingly low contact sides of 10° (liquid) in the product. Correspondingly we determined a top density of 1.0 × 1016 solvent accessible zwitterions/cm2 (corresponding to 2,0 *10-8 mol/cm2) by a UV-based ion-exchange assay with crystal violet. The elemental structure as based on XPS and characteristic absorption bands when you look at the IR spectra confirmed the presence of zwitterionic sulfobetaine polymer brushes. The a