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The auto-fluorescent coenzymes reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) allow label-free detection of mobile metabolic process. The optical redox ratio, which will be typically calculated since the ratio of NADH and FAD intensities, allows measurement of cell redox condition. Along with multiple formulations associated with the optical redox proportion from NADH and FAD intensity measurements, a fluorescence lifetime redox proportion (FLIRR) in line with the p